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刍议2013年一道高考英语单项填空题

时间:2016-09-20 作者:张九林 浏览:
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刍议2013年一道高考英语单项填空题

张九林

(江苏省通州高级中学,江苏,南通,226300

摘要:文章通过引自权威词典的丰富例句,阐析了现在完成时和时间副词now的核心用法,指出在受now修饰的条件状语从句中谓语动词可以使用现在完成时,强调动作的完成,并由此判定2013年高考英语试题(全国新课标卷I)单项填空第24题在答案选项的设计上存在疏漏,出现一题多选,并提出通过改换时间状语来提高试题严密性的改进措施。

关键词:英语教学;试题分析;英语时态

一、引言

历年全国高考英语试题在语境的设置、考点的选择、答案选项的设计以及题目的规范度上都有独到之处,达到严密性、选拔性与规范性的完美统一,题目质量不仅远高于日常教学中的普通测试题,也明显高于各地高考模拟试题,堪称试题中的精品。基于此,历年高考试题被经常用于教学常规练习和各类测试中。但金无足赤,百密一疏,高考试题尽管优长突出,也绝非尽善尽美,无懈可击,高考试题中也星星点点地出现了一些值得商榷之题,笔者在此举出一例,与广大同行共同探讨。

二、题目分析

请看2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国新课标卷I)(本卷由河北、河南、山西等省使用)英语试题之英语知识与运用中的单项填空第24题:

If we ______ now to protect the environment, we will have to regret it.

A. hadn’t acted   B. haven’t acted   C. don’t act      D. won’t act

这道题的语境设置与时俱进,语义清晰明了,呼吁我们立即行动起来,重视环境保护,以免将来悔之晚矣。该题考查的知识点,即“考点”,是状语从句中的时态,正确答案为C,句意为:“如果我们不立即行动来保护环境,我们必将为此感到后悔。”这个答案无疑是正确的,语法上的解释是:在表示将来可能出现的情况时,if从句(属于条件状语从句)中用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时。该知识点多次出现在历年高考英语试题中。如:

   Hundreds of jobs ______ if the factory closes. (NMET2001春招)

   A. lose           B. will be lost     C. are lost         D. will lose        【答案:B

We all know that, ______, the situation will get worse. 2007全国卷I

A. not if dealt carefully with          B. if not carefully dealt with

C. if dealt not carefully with          D. not if carefully dealt with            【答案:B

让我们再来分析一下其他答案。won’t /will not表示“不愿做某事”,故D不成立;hadn’t acted属于过去完成时,表示在过去某时前业已发生的动作或情况,强调过去的过去,可见A明显不成立;那么我们不免疑惑:B究竟错在哪儿呢?笔者经过深入的探究判定,答案B亦可成立。究其缘故,我们必须从现在完成时以及时间副词now的核心用法这两个方面来分析论证。

(一)现在完成时的核心用法

现在完成时是英语16种时态中最常用的时态之一,也是历年高考试题高频考点。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现在有了结果,对现在造成影响。该时态还可表示开始于过去并持续到现在一段时间内发生的动作。它是一个把过去和现在密切联系起来的时态。其核心用法包括:

1. 表示(不确定的)过去发生(可能刚结束)的动作(通常为短暂性动词),但它所造成的状态目前依然存在,后面通常不用时间状语,但句中常出现just, recently, lately, already, yet(用于疑问和否定)等词,该知识点也常见于高考试题。如:

Justin has disappeared, so Kelly is very sad.(王守仁、何锋,20108)贾斯廷失踪了,所以凯莉很难过。
   The police have just finished searching the area.(同上)警察刚刚搜索完这片地区。
   Has he come [Is he here] yet? 他来了吗?(张道真,19941774

I wonder why Jenny _______to us recently. We should have heard from her by now. (NMET 2002)

   A. hasn’t written   B. doesn’t write  C. won’t write   D. hadn’t written        【答案:A

2. 表示从过去某时开始的动作或状态一直延续到现在(有可能到将来)(通常为延续性动词),常和for+时间段(for可省略)或since +时间点(如:then/1998/five years ago/he left, today, now, so far(迄今为止), by now/up to now/up till now(直到现在), this week/month/year, in/during/over/for the last/past few years/months/weeks/days/hours等时间状语连用,该知识点也频现于高考试题。如:
   I have been married for over a year. I am happily married. 我结婚有一年多了,现在婚姻很幸福。(张满胜,200899

I haven’t seen Justin since last Friday night. (王守仁、何锋,20108)自上周五晚到现在我一直没看到贾斯廷。

 —I am sorry to keep you waiting.

   —Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.NMET 1994

   A. have been    B. had been     C. was         D. will be                【答案:A

—Do you think we should accept that offer?

—Yes, we should, for we ______ such bad luck up till now, and time ______ out. 2008江西卷)

A. have had; is running         B. had; is running

C. have; has been run          D. have had; has been run                   【答案:A

3. 表示从过去到现在的反复性或习惯性动作,常和always, often, from time to time, frequently, ever, never, seldom, before, once, …times等表示频度的副词和短语连用。如:
   I have often/never heard her sing this song. 我经常/从未听她唱这首歌。

Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times. (王守仁、何锋,20108)有些村民说他们多次看到过飞碟。

Never before ______ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.  (2005上海卷)

   A. has the city been            B. this city has been

C. was this city               D. this city was                           【答案:A

4. 现在完成时还可用于时间、条件及让步等状语从句中代替将来完成时, 此时强调动作的完成,该知识点有时也出现于高考试题的题干中。如:

No decision will be made about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. 2008北京卷单项填空第29题)在所有应征者被面试之前,将不会作出任何有关未来人事任命的决定。

Go away until I have finished speaking to your father. 张道真,19941637)走开,等我跟你父亲谈完话再回来。

I will write when I have finished the book.张道真,19941714我看完这本书后就写。

If anyone has found a bunch of keys, would they please leave them on my desk? 若有人拾到一串钥匙,请放在我桌上。麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典,20051041

Jaures is an honest man, I say it, even though I have opposed him. 张道真,1994430)朱洛斯是一个诚实的人,我说的,即便我反对他。

Although the shooting has stopped for now, the destruction left behind is enormous. 虽然枪战目前已停止,但造成的破坏是巨大的。(柯林斯COBUILD高阶英汉双解学习词典201177

______ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.2006北京卷)

A. Unless         B. Because       C. Although       D. When           【答案:A

由此可见,现在完成时完全可以用于if引导的条件状语从句。

△同样,在时间、条件和让步等状语从句中也可用过去完成时, 强调动作的完成。如:

   When the last prize had been awardedeverybody cleared off. 张道真,19941714)当最后的奖项颁发后,大家都离开了。

It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.张道真,19941637)直到我读了你的信后,我才明白了真实的事态。

Owen wouldn't eat anything unless he'd cooked it himself. 如果不是他亲自下厨做的东西,欧文就不吃。(麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典,20052296

She was happy to be having a child, although being pregnant had not been a pleasant experience. (灵格斯翻译家软件·朗文英语活用联想词典)尽管怀孕不曾是一次愉快的经历,但有了孩子她还是很高兴。

She was a nice little thing, even though Turgis had kept on grumbling about her. 张道真,1994430)她是个可爱的小家伙,尽管特格斯不断地抱怨她。

We had to wait half an hour ______ we had already booked a table.2007辽宁卷)

A. since          B. although       C. until          D. before           【答案:A

After Jack had sent some e-mails, he ______ working on his project.2012山东卷)

A. had started    B. has started       C. started           D. starts           【答案:A

(二)时间副词now的核心用法

英语中,now可以用作副词、名词和连词。作为表示时间的副词,now具有以下几种核心用法:

1. 现在,如今(at the present timenot in the past or future)You use now to refer to the present time, often in contrast to a time in the past or the future. 经常用于与现在或将来比较)(柯林斯COBUILD高阶英汉双解学习词典20111785

I may eat something later. But I’m not hungry now. 我过会儿可能要吃点什么, 不过这会儿不饿。(剑桥高阶英汉双解词典,20081488

He was ill last week, but he’s getting about now.张道真,1994928)上周他生病了,不过现在他在到处走动。

Spring is here and the country is now beautiful.同上)春天来了,乡村现在很美。

I care very little for fame now.同上)我现在几乎不在乎名望了。

2. 现在就,马上,立刻 (immediately, very soon)麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典,20051420

Start writing now. 立刻开始写。(灵格斯翻译家软件·牛津高阶英汉双解词典)

I don’t want to wait until tomorrow, I want it now! 我不想等到明天,我现在就要!(剑桥高阶英汉双解词典,20081488

I’m sorry. I must go now. 很抱歉我的马上走了。柯林斯COBUILD高阶英汉双解学习词典20111785

I fear that if I don't write now I shall never have another opportunity to do so. 我担心,如果我不立即开始写作的话,就永远不会再有机会了。同上

3. 这时,这会儿In stories and accounts of past events, now is used to refer to the particular time that is being written or spoken about.用于讲述故事或过去的事情)(同上

She felt a little better now. 这时她觉得好点儿了。(同上

It was too late now for Blake to lock his room door. 这会儿布莱克再锁房门已经晚了。(同上

4, 迄今,到现在为止(up to the present used for saying how long it is since something happened or started)(麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典,20051420

It’s 27 years now since he died.张道真,1994928)到现在他已经死了27年。

He has worked there a long time now.同上)至今他已在那儿工作很长时间了。

由此可见,答案C对应的是时间副词now的核心用法2,这在《柯林斯COBUILD高阶英汉双解学习词典》第1785上有明确说明If you do something now, you do it immediately 答案B对应的是时间副词now的核心用法4。换言之,now的两种不同的理解造成了两个不同的动词时态。

结合现在完成时的核心用法4和时间副词now的核心用法4,我们不难推断出这样的结论:对于2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国新课标卷I)英语试题单项填空第24,答案B是成立的,此时句意为:“如果我们到现在还没有采取行动来保护环境,我们必将为此感到后悔。”这在流露说话者对环保的焦虑和担忧情感方面毫不逊色于答案C。诚然,如果该题if从句中的时间状语now改换成by now/up to now/up till now/until nowso far等短语,那么根据现在完成时的核心用法2,答案B就彻底取代C,成为该题唯一正确答案。

依笔者之见,If we don’t act now to protect the environment, we will have to regret it这个句子作为高考试题难度略显偏低,因为这是一个中学生自初中就开始学习的最基本的语法知识点,初中老师们经常让学生这样记忆:“主将从现”(即:在时间、条件及让步等状语从句中,谓语动词用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时。)。为了提高试题的难度,我们不妨就把题干中的now改换成by now/up to now/up till now/until nowso far,随之顺理成章地把正确答案确定为现在完成时的B,这样既可以使得句子内容更加厚实,也可让试题难度适当增加,一举两得。

三、结语

单项填空,作为一种传统题型,是检测学生基础语法知识(包括时态、语态、语气、句型等)、基础语法知识的运用能力、词组搭配及习惯用法、词义理解和交际用语的重要手段,它要求命题者在语境的设置、考点的选择、答案选项的设计以及题目的规范度上做到严密周到,尤其是干扰项的设计需要从多个方面和不同角度来考虑,避免因顾此失彼造成一题多选或模棱两可的答案,确保形式与意义的完美统一,切实提高试题质量。

参考文献

[1] 王守仁、何锋牛津高中英语(模块二)[M],南京:凤凰出版传媒集团、译林出版社,2011

[2] 张满胜,英语语法新思维·通悟英语语法 [M], 北京:科学出版社,2008

[2] 张道真现代英语用法词典(重排本)[M]北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994

[4] 麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典[M]北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005

[5] 柯林斯COBUILD高阶英汉双解学习词典[M], 北京:外语教学与研究出版社2011

[6] 剑桥高阶英汉双解词典[M]北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2008

[7] Lingoes/Translator2灵格斯翻译家2软件

Modest opinion about a Multiple choice in the 2013 National University Entrance Examination Paper of English

Zhang Jiulin

Tongzhou Senior High SchoolNantongJiangsu226300

Abstract: Based on the core uses of the present past tense and now as an adverb, and via abundant examples from standard English dictionaries, the article points out a defect in the design of the 4 answers in Multiple choice 24 in the 2013 National University Entrance Examination Paper of English (National New Curriculum Criterion Examination Paper I) which leads to two answers to one question, and offers a solution to the problem by changing the adverbial of time.

Key words: English teaching, Analysis of a multiple choice, English tenses

---发表于《基础教育外语教学研究》2014年第4

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